OSNOVNE KARAKTERISTIKE UNIVERZALNE JURISDIKCIJE U SAVREMENOM KRIVIČNOM PRAVU
Ključne reči:
univerzalna jurisdikcija in absentia, princip supsidijariteta, sham postupak
Apstrakt
Za univerzalnom jurisdikcijom se poseže kada teritorijalna država ili država koja ima jurisdikcioni prioritet na osnovu državljanstva učinioca/žrtve neće ili ne može da deluje na sprečavanju međunarodnih krivičnih dela stricto sensu (core crimes), odnosno kada izostaje reakcija međunarodnih sudskih instanci u tom smislu. Sa svojim širokim ovlašćenjima u pogledu tačaka vezivanja, a često i u pogledu prisustva učinioca u državi koja procesuira, univerzalna jurisdikcija uspeva da popuni te praznine i da se uspešno uključi u opšti napor međunarodne zajednice u pogledu sprečavanja nekažnjivosti učinilaca core crimes-a.
Služeći se komparativnim metodom (nemačko, špansko i belgijsko zakonodavstvo) nastojali smo da ukažemo na osnovne pravne karakteristike ove oblasti i na taj način pružimo osnov za njeno razmatranje u srpskom krivičnom pravu de lege lata i de lege ferenda. Osnovna pitanja koja se ističu u ovom kontekstu su univerzalna jurisdikcija in absentia, princip supsidijariteta i sham postupak.
Iako se univerzalna jurisdikcija u svom izvornom obliku pojavljuje jedino kod core crimes mnoga recentna pitanja iz te oblasti vezana su za ugovorna međunarodna krivična dela kao i za krivična dela iz oblasti opšteg kriminaliteta. U tom smislu u ovom radu je u izvesnoj meri obrađena i ta problematika.
Reference
Literatura
Ambos, K. 2007a. International Core Crimes, Universal Jurisdiction and § 153f of the German Criminal Procedure Code: a Commentary on the Decisions of the Federal Prosecutor General and the Stuttgart Higher Regional Court in the Abu Ghraib/ Rumsfeld Case. Criminal Law Forum, 18(1), pp. 43-58.
Ambos, K. 2007b. Prosecuting International Crimes at the National and International Level: Between Justice and Realpolitik. In: Kaleck, W., Ratner, M., Singelnstein,T. & Weiss, P. (eds.), International Prosecution of Human Rights Crimes. Berlin/ Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 55-68.
Ambos, K. 2016. Treatise on International Criminal Law: Volume III. Oxford University Press.
Ambos, K. 2011. Judicial Creativity at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Is There a Crime of Terrorism under International Law?. Leiden Journal of International Law, 24, pp. 655-675.
Baker, R. B. 2009. Universal Jurisdiction and the Case of Belgium: A Critical Assessment. ILSA JICL, 16(1), pp. 141-167.
Beken, V., Vermeulen, G. & Ongena, T. 2002. Belgium, Concurrent National and International Criminal Jurisdiction and the Principle ‘ne bis in idem’. RIDP, 73(3– 4), pp. 811– 848. Dostupno na: https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-droit-penal- 2002-3-page-811.htm.
Blanco Cordero, I. 2008. Universal jurisdiction: General report. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 79(1), pp. 59-100. Dostupno na : https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.791.0059. Colangelo, A. 2006. The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction. Virginia Journal of International Law, 47(1), pp. 149-198.
De la Cuesta, J. 2002. Concurrent national and international criminal jurisdiction and the principle ‘ne bis in idem’: General report. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 73(3), pp. 707-736. Dostupno na: https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.733.0707.
Fernández, R.A.A. 2014. The 2014 Reform of Universal Jurisdiction from All to Nothing. Zeitschrift fur Internationale Strafrechts Dogmatik, 13, pp. 717-727. Dostupno na: http://zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2014_13_883.pdf.
Inazumi, M. 2005. Universal jurisdiction in modern international law: expansion of national jurisdiction for prosecuting serious crimes under international law. Intersentia nv. Jeßberger, F., Kaleck, W. & Schueller, A. 2010. Concurring Criminal Jurisdictions under International Law. In: Bergsmo, M. (ed.), Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes. Oslo: TOAEP, pp. 233-245.
Josipović, I. 2017. Pravni i politički aspekti spora Hrvatske i Srbije o nadležnosti za ratne zločine. Hrvatski ljetopis za kaznene znanosti i praksu, 24(1), pp. 15-58.
Kaleck, W. & Schüller, A. 2019. Universal Jurisdiction Gains New Momentum. FICHL Policy Brief Series, 96.
Kaleck, W. 2009. From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998-2008. Michigan Journal of Internationla Law, 30(3), pp. 927-980. Dostupno na: https:// repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=mjil.
Kluwen, T. 2017. Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia Before Domestic Courts Prosecuting International Crimes: A Suitable Weapon to Fight Impunity?. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 8 (1), pp. 7-38.
Kreß, C. 2006. Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes and the Institut de Droit international. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 4(3), pp. 561-585. Dostupno na: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/44a03d/pdf/.
Langer, M. 2011. The Diplomacy of Universal Jurisdiction: The Political Branches and the Transnational Prosecution of International Crimes. American Journal of International Law, 105(1), pp. 1-49.
Ongena, T. & Van Daele, I. 2002. Universal Jurisdiction for International Core Crimes: Recent Developments in Belgium. Leiden Journal of International Law, 15(3), pp. 687-701.
Panáková, J. 2011. Law and Politics of Universal Jurisdiction. Amsterdam Law Forum, 3(3), pp. 50-72. Dostupno na: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=1927218.
Roht–Arriaza, N. 2004. Universal Jurisdiction, Steps Forward, Steps Back. Leiden Journal of International Law, 17, pp. 375-389. Dostupno na: https://repository.uchastings. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1681&context=faculty_scholarship.
Ryngaert, C. 2010. Complementarity in Universality Cases, Legal Systemic and Legal Policy Consideration, Law. In: Bergsmo, M. (ed.), Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes. Oslo: TOAEP, pp. 165-200.
Smis, S. & Van der Borght, K. 2003. Belgian law concerning the punishment of grave breaches of international humanitarian law. Insights, 8(18). Dostupno na: https:// www.asil.org/insights/volume/8/issue/18/belgian-law-concerning-punishment- grave-breaches-international.
Stojanović, Z. 2016. Univerzalni princip prostornog važenja krivičnog zakonodavstva. Revija za kriminologiju i krivično pravo, 2–3, pp. 21-38.
Zimmermann, A. 2006. Violations of Fundamental Norms of International Law and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Criminal Matters. In: Tomuschat, C. & Thovenin, JM. (eds.), The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order: jus Cogens and Obligations erga Omnes. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 335-353.
Zlatarić, B. 1979. Međunarodno krivično pravo. Zagreb.
Internet izvori
Jeßberger, F. 2007. The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction in German Criminal Law. AIDP’s XVIIIth World Congress. Dostupno na: https://www. jura. uni-hamburg. de/die- fakultaet/professuren/professur-jessberger/forschung/landesberichtjessbericht- jessberger-2007. pdf.
Jeßberger, F. 2018. Towards a ‘complementary preparedness’ approach to universal jurisdiction – recent trends and best practices in the European Union. Dostupno na: https://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/die-fakultaet/professuren/professur-jessberger/ media-fj/media-forschung-stellungnahmen/briefing-eu-parl-2018.pdf.
Open Society Justice Initiative. 2019. Universal Jurisdiction Law and Practice in Germany. Dostupno na: https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/0b3c66af-68e0-4fd3-a8e0- d938a6e2b43b/universal-jurisdiction-law-and-practice-germany.pdf.
Pravni izvori
Belgium, Law on Universal Jurisdiction, L. 5 August 2003. Dostupno na: https://casebook. icrc.org/case-study/belgium-law-universal-jurisdiction.
Belgium: Act of 1999 Concerning the Punishment of Grave Breaches of International Humanitarian Law (Genocide Act), 10 February 1999. Dostupno na: https://www. refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5934.html.
Contribution, 2016. Contribution of Spain on the topic The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, 16-05499(E). Dostupno na: https://www.un.org/ en/ga/sixth/71/universal_jurisdiction/spain_e.pdf.
Drucksache 14/ 8524, (Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einfûhrung des Völkerstrafgesetzbuch, 13. mart 2002). Dostupno na: https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/14/085/1408524. pdf.
Eighteenth International Congress of Penal law (Istanbul, 20 - 27 September 2009). 2015. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 86 (1-2), pp. 421-436. Dostupno na: https:// www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-droit-penal-2015-1-page-421.htm.
German Criminal Code, as last amended by the Act of 19. 6. 2019. Dostupno na: https:// www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/.
German Code of Criminal Procedure, 7. April 1987. Federal Law Gazette, I, p. 1074, 1319, as last amended by Article 3 of the Act of 11 July 2019 (Federal Law Gazette, I, p. 1066). Dostupno na: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/ englisch_stpo.html.
Institute of International Law. 2005. Universal criminal jurisdiction with regard to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes (Rezolucija Instituta za međunarodno pravo o univerzalnoj jurisdikciji u pogledu genocida, zločina protiv čovečnosti i ratnih zločina).
Izveštaj Međunarodne pravne komisije UN. 2014. The obligation to extradite or to prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare), Final Report of the International Law Commission (ICL). Dostupno na: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/reports/7_6_2014.pdf. Krivični zakonik, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 85/2005, 88/2005, 107/2005, 72/2009, 111/2009, 121/2012, 104/2013, 108/2014, 94/2016, 35/2019.
Loi Wet Code Penal, 18. Avril 1878. Loi contenant le Titre preliminaire du Code de procedure penale (Prethodni deo Zakona o krivičnom postupku). Konsolidovana verzija dostupna na: http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/ change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=1878041701&table_name=loi.
Ujedinjene nacije. Povelja Ujedinjenih nacija, 1945. Dostupno na: http://dag.un.org/ handle/11176/387355.
Povelja o osnovnim pravima Evropske unije (2007/C303/01).
Ujedinjene nacije. 1984. Konvencija UN protiv torture i drugih surovih, neljudskih i ponižavajućih kazni ili postupaka.
Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB).2002. Dostupno na: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ vstgb/.
Zakonik o krivičnom postupku, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 72/2011, 101/2011, 121/2012, 32/2013, 45/2013, 55/2014, 35/2019.
Zakon o organizaciji i nadležnosti državnih organa u postupku za ratne zločine, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 67/2003.
Sudska praksa
Arrest Warrant od 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment of 14 February 2002. Dostupno na: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/121/judgments.
BGH 2 StR96/14, 18. mart 2015. Dostupno na: https://www.hrr-strafrecht.de/hrr/2/14/2-96 14.php.
Fond za humanitarno pravo (FHP). 2019. FND n.d. Izveštaj o suđenjima za ratne zločine u Srbiji. Beograd. Dostupno na: http://www.hlc-rdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ Izvestaj-o-sudjenjima-za-ratne-zlocine-u-Srbiji.pdf.
European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights e.V. 2019. Survivors of Assad’s torture system demand justice – Criminal complaint in Sweden. Dostupno na: https://www.ecchr.eu/fileadmin/Q_As/Q_A_Sweden_EN_20190812.pdf.
International Criminal Court – ICC 02/05-01/09, Al Bashir Case. Dostupno na: https:// www.icc-cpi.int/darfur/albashir (15.7.2020).
Sharon Trial: 12 February 2003 decision of Belgian Supreme Court explained. Dostupno na: https://electronicintifada.net/content/sharon-trial-12-february-2003-decision- belgian-supreme-court-explained/4413.
Spanish Supreme Court. Guatemala Genocide Case. Presuda No. 327/2003. 25. February 2003. Dostupno na: http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/guatemala/doc/stsgtm.html Constitutional Court. 2005. Guatemala Genocide Case, Presuda No 237/2005, 26 septembar 2005. Dostupno na: https://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/ResolucionesTraduci-das/237-2005,%20of%20September%2026.pdf.
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422. Dostupno na: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/ case/144/judgments.
Ambos, K. 2007a. International Core Crimes, Universal Jurisdiction and § 153f of the German Criminal Procedure Code: a Commentary on the Decisions of the Federal Prosecutor General and the Stuttgart Higher Regional Court in the Abu Ghraib/ Rumsfeld Case. Criminal Law Forum, 18(1), pp. 43-58.
Ambos, K. 2007b. Prosecuting International Crimes at the National and International Level: Between Justice and Realpolitik. In: Kaleck, W., Ratner, M., Singelnstein,T. & Weiss, P. (eds.), International Prosecution of Human Rights Crimes. Berlin/ Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 55-68.
Ambos, K. 2016. Treatise on International Criminal Law: Volume III. Oxford University Press.
Ambos, K. 2011. Judicial Creativity at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Is There a Crime of Terrorism under International Law?. Leiden Journal of International Law, 24, pp. 655-675.
Baker, R. B. 2009. Universal Jurisdiction and the Case of Belgium: A Critical Assessment. ILSA JICL, 16(1), pp. 141-167.
Beken, V., Vermeulen, G. & Ongena, T. 2002. Belgium, Concurrent National and International Criminal Jurisdiction and the Principle ‘ne bis in idem’. RIDP, 73(3– 4), pp. 811– 848. Dostupno na: https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-droit-penal- 2002-3-page-811.htm.
Blanco Cordero, I. 2008. Universal jurisdiction: General report. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 79(1), pp. 59-100. Dostupno na : https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.791.0059. Colangelo, A. 2006. The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction. Virginia Journal of International Law, 47(1), pp. 149-198.
De la Cuesta, J. 2002. Concurrent national and international criminal jurisdiction and the principle ‘ne bis in idem’: General report. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 73(3), pp. 707-736. Dostupno na: https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.733.0707.
Fernández, R.A.A. 2014. The 2014 Reform of Universal Jurisdiction from All to Nothing. Zeitschrift fur Internationale Strafrechts Dogmatik, 13, pp. 717-727. Dostupno na: http://zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2014_13_883.pdf.
Inazumi, M. 2005. Universal jurisdiction in modern international law: expansion of national jurisdiction for prosecuting serious crimes under international law. Intersentia nv. Jeßberger, F., Kaleck, W. & Schueller, A. 2010. Concurring Criminal Jurisdictions under International Law. In: Bergsmo, M. (ed.), Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes. Oslo: TOAEP, pp. 233-245.
Josipović, I. 2017. Pravni i politički aspekti spora Hrvatske i Srbije o nadležnosti za ratne zločine. Hrvatski ljetopis za kaznene znanosti i praksu, 24(1), pp. 15-58.
Kaleck, W. & Schüller, A. 2019. Universal Jurisdiction Gains New Momentum. FICHL Policy Brief Series, 96.
Kaleck, W. 2009. From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998-2008. Michigan Journal of Internationla Law, 30(3), pp. 927-980. Dostupno na: https:// repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=mjil.
Kluwen, T. 2017. Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia Before Domestic Courts Prosecuting International Crimes: A Suitable Weapon to Fight Impunity?. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 8 (1), pp. 7-38.
Kreß, C. 2006. Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes and the Institut de Droit international. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 4(3), pp. 561-585. Dostupno na: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/44a03d/pdf/.
Langer, M. 2011. The Diplomacy of Universal Jurisdiction: The Political Branches and the Transnational Prosecution of International Crimes. American Journal of International Law, 105(1), pp. 1-49.
Ongena, T. & Van Daele, I. 2002. Universal Jurisdiction for International Core Crimes: Recent Developments in Belgium. Leiden Journal of International Law, 15(3), pp. 687-701.
Panáková, J. 2011. Law and Politics of Universal Jurisdiction. Amsterdam Law Forum, 3(3), pp. 50-72. Dostupno na: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=1927218.
Roht–Arriaza, N. 2004. Universal Jurisdiction, Steps Forward, Steps Back. Leiden Journal of International Law, 17, pp. 375-389. Dostupno na: https://repository.uchastings. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1681&context=faculty_scholarship.
Ryngaert, C. 2010. Complementarity in Universality Cases, Legal Systemic and Legal Policy Consideration, Law. In: Bergsmo, M. (ed.), Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes. Oslo: TOAEP, pp. 165-200.
Smis, S. & Van der Borght, K. 2003. Belgian law concerning the punishment of grave breaches of international humanitarian law. Insights, 8(18). Dostupno na: https:// www.asil.org/insights/volume/8/issue/18/belgian-law-concerning-punishment- grave-breaches-international.
Stojanović, Z. 2016. Univerzalni princip prostornog važenja krivičnog zakonodavstva. Revija za kriminologiju i krivično pravo, 2–3, pp. 21-38.
Zimmermann, A. 2006. Violations of Fundamental Norms of International Law and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Criminal Matters. In: Tomuschat, C. & Thovenin, JM. (eds.), The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order: jus Cogens and Obligations erga Omnes. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 335-353.
Zlatarić, B. 1979. Međunarodno krivično pravo. Zagreb.
Internet izvori
Jeßberger, F. 2007. The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction in German Criminal Law. AIDP’s XVIIIth World Congress. Dostupno na: https://www. jura. uni-hamburg. de/die- fakultaet/professuren/professur-jessberger/forschung/landesberichtjessbericht- jessberger-2007. pdf.
Jeßberger, F. 2018. Towards a ‘complementary preparedness’ approach to universal jurisdiction – recent trends and best practices in the European Union. Dostupno na: https://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/die-fakultaet/professuren/professur-jessberger/ media-fj/media-forschung-stellungnahmen/briefing-eu-parl-2018.pdf.
Open Society Justice Initiative. 2019. Universal Jurisdiction Law and Practice in Germany. Dostupno na: https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/0b3c66af-68e0-4fd3-a8e0- d938a6e2b43b/universal-jurisdiction-law-and-practice-germany.pdf.
Pravni izvori
Belgium, Law on Universal Jurisdiction, L. 5 August 2003. Dostupno na: https://casebook. icrc.org/case-study/belgium-law-universal-jurisdiction.
Belgium: Act of 1999 Concerning the Punishment of Grave Breaches of International Humanitarian Law (Genocide Act), 10 February 1999. Dostupno na: https://www. refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5934.html.
Contribution, 2016. Contribution of Spain on the topic The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, 16-05499(E). Dostupno na: https://www.un.org/ en/ga/sixth/71/universal_jurisdiction/spain_e.pdf.
Drucksache 14/ 8524, (Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einfûhrung des Völkerstrafgesetzbuch, 13. mart 2002). Dostupno na: https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/14/085/1408524. pdf.
Eighteenth International Congress of Penal law (Istanbul, 20 - 27 September 2009). 2015. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 86 (1-2), pp. 421-436. Dostupno na: https:// www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-droit-penal-2015-1-page-421.htm.
German Criminal Code, as last amended by the Act of 19. 6. 2019. Dostupno na: https:// www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/.
German Code of Criminal Procedure, 7. April 1987. Federal Law Gazette, I, p. 1074, 1319, as last amended by Article 3 of the Act of 11 July 2019 (Federal Law Gazette, I, p. 1066). Dostupno na: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/ englisch_stpo.html.
Institute of International Law. 2005. Universal criminal jurisdiction with regard to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes (Rezolucija Instituta za međunarodno pravo o univerzalnoj jurisdikciji u pogledu genocida, zločina protiv čovečnosti i ratnih zločina).
Izveštaj Međunarodne pravne komisije UN. 2014. The obligation to extradite or to prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare), Final Report of the International Law Commission (ICL). Dostupno na: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/reports/7_6_2014.pdf. Krivični zakonik, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 85/2005, 88/2005, 107/2005, 72/2009, 111/2009, 121/2012, 104/2013, 108/2014, 94/2016, 35/2019.
Loi Wet Code Penal, 18. Avril 1878. Loi contenant le Titre preliminaire du Code de procedure penale (Prethodni deo Zakona o krivičnom postupku). Konsolidovana verzija dostupna na: http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/ change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=1878041701&table_name=loi.
Ujedinjene nacije. Povelja Ujedinjenih nacija, 1945. Dostupno na: http://dag.un.org/ handle/11176/387355.
Povelja o osnovnim pravima Evropske unije (2007/C303/01).
Ujedinjene nacije. 1984. Konvencija UN protiv torture i drugih surovih, neljudskih i ponižavajućih kazni ili postupaka.
Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB).2002. Dostupno na: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ vstgb/.
Zakonik o krivičnom postupku, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 72/2011, 101/2011, 121/2012, 32/2013, 45/2013, 55/2014, 35/2019.
Zakon o organizaciji i nadležnosti državnih organa u postupku za ratne zločine, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 67/2003.
Sudska praksa
Arrest Warrant od 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment of 14 February 2002. Dostupno na: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/121/judgments.
BGH 2 StR96/14, 18. mart 2015. Dostupno na: https://www.hrr-strafrecht.de/hrr/2/14/2-96 14.php.
Fond za humanitarno pravo (FHP). 2019. FND n.d. Izveštaj o suđenjima za ratne zločine u Srbiji. Beograd. Dostupno na: http://www.hlc-rdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ Izvestaj-o-sudjenjima-za-ratne-zlocine-u-Srbiji.pdf.
European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights e.V. 2019. Survivors of Assad’s torture system demand justice – Criminal complaint in Sweden. Dostupno na: https://www.ecchr.eu/fileadmin/Q_As/Q_A_Sweden_EN_20190812.pdf.
International Criminal Court – ICC 02/05-01/09, Al Bashir Case. Dostupno na: https:// www.icc-cpi.int/darfur/albashir (15.7.2020).
Sharon Trial: 12 February 2003 decision of Belgian Supreme Court explained. Dostupno na: https://electronicintifada.net/content/sharon-trial-12-february-2003-decision- belgian-supreme-court-explained/4413.
Spanish Supreme Court. Guatemala Genocide Case. Presuda No. 327/2003. 25. February 2003. Dostupno na: http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/guatemala/doc/stsgtm.html Constitutional Court. 2005. Guatemala Genocide Case, Presuda No 237/2005, 26 septembar 2005. Dostupno na: https://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/ResolucionesTraduci-das/237-2005,%20of%20September%2026.pdf.
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422. Dostupno na: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/ case/144/judgments.
