AFIRMATIVNA AKCIJA U ZAPOŠLJAVANJU I NAPREDOVANJU U PRAVU EVROPSKE UNIJE
Apstrakt
Jedan od načina ostvarivanja suštinske jednakosti kao konstantne težnje svakog društva je i primena afirmativne akcije. U oblasti rada, afirmativnom akcijom se određenoj kategoriji radnika daje prednost prilikom zapošljavanja i napredovanja, jer se usled različitih društvenih faktora dugi niz godina nalaze u nejednakom položaju u poređenju sa ostalim stanovništvom. Autor u radu, kroz analizu prakse Evropskog suda pravde i primarnih i sekundarnih izvora komunitarnog prava, skreće pažnju na nekoliko mogućih modaliteta primene afirmativne akcije. Ovakav pristup, zajedno sa pregledom relevantnih teorijskih stanovišta o legitimnosti afirmativne akcije omogućuje nam da odredimo granicu jednakosti, granicu posle koje primena afirmativne akcije gubi početnu svrhu zbog koje se primenjuje i počinje da deluje u kontra smeru.
Reference
Literatura
Barnard, C. 2001. The Changing Scope of the Fundamental Principle of Equality. McGill Law Journal, 46(4), pp. 955-978.
Barnard, C. 1998. The Principle of Equality in the Community Context: P. Grant, Kalanke and Marschall: Four Uneasy Bedfellows. Cambridge Law Journal, 57(2), pp. 352-373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197398000063
Barnard, C. & Hepple, B. 2000. Substantive Equality. Cambridge Law Journal, 59(3), pp. 562-585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197300000246
Barnard, C. & Hervey, T. 1998. Softening the Approach to Quotas: Positive Action after Marschall. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 20(3), pp. 333-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09649069808410257
Bell, M. 2004. Equality and European Union Constitution. Industrial Law Journal, 33(3), pp. 242-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/33.3.242
Bisom-Rapp, S. 2018. What We Know about Equal Employment Opportunity Law after Fifty Years of Trying. Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, 22(2), pp. 337-354.
Blanpain, R. 2011. Decent Work in the European Union: Hard Goals, Soft Results. Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, 15(1), pp. 29-42.
Blanpain, R. 2008. The European Union and Employment Law. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 5(4), pp. 646-680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol5.4.183
Đorđević, M. 2018. Afirmativna akcija – kvote za pripadnike manje zastupljenog pola u izbornom pravu Srbije. Sveske za javno pravo, 9(34), pp. 62-70.
Fredman, S. 2017. Reimagining Power Relations: Hierarchies of Disadvantage and Affirmative Action. Acta Juridica, 124, pp. 124-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mow043
Fredman, S. 2016. Substantive Equality Revisited. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 14(3), pp. 712-738.
Gaibie, S. 2014. Affirmative Action – Concepts and Controversies. Industrial Law Journal (Juta), 35(10), pp. 2655-2677.
Hepple, B. 2001. Equality and Empowerment for Decent Work. International Labour Review, 140(1), pp. 5-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2001.tb00210.x
Hepple, B. 2014. The Key to Greater Gender Equality. The Equal Rights Review, 12, pp. 59-61.
Jašarević, S. 2010. Zaštita jednakosti zaposlenih u pravu Evropske unije. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 44(3), pp. 257-273.
Jašarević, S. 2006. Jednakost zaposlenih prema polu u dokumentima i praksi EU. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 40(2), pp. 359-378.
Jovanović, P. 2018. Pozitivna diskriminacija (sa osvrtom na oblast rada). Radno i socijalno pravo, (1), pp. 1-24.
Kostić, M. 2021. Jednakost žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju. Doktorska disertacija. Novi Sad: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu.
Kovačević, Lј. 2008. Jednakost i zabrana diskriminacije u radnom pravu. U: Vuković, D. & Arandarenko, M. (ur.), Tržište rada i politika zaposlenosti, Beograd: Fakultet političkih nauka, Univerzitet u Beogradu, pp. 173-194.
Kovačević, Lj. 2018. Ravnopravnost muškaraca i žena kao bitan element dostojanstvenog zapošljavanja: prilog diskusiji o Nacrtu zakona o rodnoj ravnopravnosti. Radno i socijalno pravo, (1), pp. 97-144.
Lahuerta, B. S. 2016. Taking EU Equality Law to the Next Level: In Search of Coherence. European Labour Law Journal, 7(3), pp. 348-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/201395251600700303
Lahuerta, B. S. & Zbyszewska, A. 2018. EU Equality Law after a Decade of Austerity: On the Social Pillar and It’s Transformative Potential. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 18(2-3), pp. 163-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229118799234
Lubarda, B. 2012. Rasprava o dostojanstvu na radu i socijalnom dijalogu. Beograd: Pravni fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu.
Martín, N. R. 2014. Positive Action in EU Gender Equality Law: Promoting Women in Corporate Decision-Making Positions, Spanish Labour Law and Employment Relations Journal, 3(1), pp. 20-33.
Matijević, M. & Ćorić, V. 2010. Mere afirmativne akcije: terminološko određenje i uvodna razmatranja o sadržini pojma, Strani pravni život, 54(3), pp. 85-102.
Međunarodna organizacija rada. 2001. Smernice o radnom zakonodavstvu. Ženeva.
Monaghan, K. 2011. Equality and Non-Discrimination. Judicial Review, 16(4), pp. 418-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5235/108546811799320790
Neuvonen, J. P. 2015. Inequality in equality’ in the European Union equality directives: A friend or a foe of more systematized relationships between the protected grounds? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 15(4), pp. 222-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229115591412
Reljanović, M. 2009. Diskriminacija na radu – zakonodavstvo i iskustva SAD. Strani pravni život, 53(1), pp. 111-130.
Szydło, M. 2015. Gender Equality on the Boards of EU Companies: Between Economic Efficiency, Fundamental Rights and Democratic Legitimisation of Economic Governance. European Law Journal, 21(1), pp. 97-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12074
Pravni izvori
Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions, OJ L 39, 14.2.1976.
Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, OJ L 180, 19.7.2000.
Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ L 303, 2.12.2000.
Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast), OJ L 204, 26.7.2006.
Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures, OJ L 315, 7.12.2022.
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, OJ C 340, 10.11.1997.
Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ C 306, 17.12.2007.
Sudska praksa
CJEU, Case C-450/93 - Eckhard Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Judgment of the Court, 17. 10. 1995, ECLI:EU:C:1995:322.
CJEU, Case C-409/95 - Hellmut Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, Judgment of the Court, 11. 11. 1997, ECLI:EU:C:1997:533.
CJEU, Case C-407/98 - Katarina Abrahamsson and Leif Anderson v Elisabet Fogelqvist, Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber), 6. 7. 2000, ECLI:EU:C:2000:367.
Opinion of Advocate General Tesauro - Case C-450/93, Eckhard Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen, 6.4.1995, ECLI:EU:C:1995:105.