RAZMATRANJE POSREDNE I PRENESENE DISKRIMINACIJE U SFERI ZAPOŠLJAVANJA I RADA IZ UGLA PRAVA EVROPSKE UNIJE

Autori

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56461/SPZ_24102KJ

Ključne reči:

zapošljavanje i rad, posredna diskriminacija, prenesena diskriminacija, pravo Evropske unije, Evropski sud pravde.

Apstrakt

Rad se bavi posrednom i prenesenom (asocijativnom) diskriminacijom u pravu Evropske unije, sa posebnim fokusom na sudsku praksu Evropskog suda pravde i značaj sudske prakse ovog suda za sferu zapošljavanja i rada. Zabrana posredne diskriminacije je prisutna već decenijama u pravu Evropske unije, dok je prenesena diskriminacija, na nivou Evropske unije, i dalje prisutna samo u praksi Evropskog suda pravde. Stoga koncept prenesene diskriminacije i dalje ostaje u velikoj meri podložan razmatranju i debati, dok broj pitanja i nedoumica znatno raste kada se ovaj koncept posmatra kroz prizmu posredne diskriminacije. Cilj rada jeste da ukaže na važnost prepoznavanja prenesene diskriminacije kao posredne u sferi zapošljavanja i rada, ali i na rizike u vezi sa ovim konceptom, a sve u kontekstu koraka napred ka postizanju suštinske jednakosti u svetu rada.

##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##

##plugins.generic.usageStats.noStats##

Reference

Belavusau, U. & Henrard, K. 2019. A Bird’s Eye View on EU Anti-Discrimination Law: The Impact of the 2000 Equality Directives. German Law Journal, 20(5), pp. 614-636. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.53 (1. 6. 2023).

Bell, M. & Waddington, L. 2011. Exploring the Boundaries of Positive Action under EU Law: A Search for Conceptual Clarity. Common Market Law Review, 48(5), pp. 1503-1526. Available at: https://doi.org/10.54648/cola2011059 (25. 7. 2023).

Benedi, Lahuerta S. 2016. Ethnic Discrimination, Discrimination by Association and the Roma Community: CHEZ. Common Market Law Review, 53(3), pp. 797-818. Available at: https://doi.org/10.54648/cola2016066 (30. 6. 2023).

Canotilho, M. 2013. Comentário ao Artigo 21. In: Silveira, A. & Canotilho, M. (eds.) Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia Comentada. Coimbra: Almedina, pp. 1–30.

Carbado, D. W. & Harris, C. I. 2019. Intersectionality at 30: Mapping the Margins of Anti-Essentialism, Intersectionality and Dominance Theory, Harvard Law Review, 132(2193), pp. 2194-2239. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26800091 (1. 8. 2023).

Costa, M. I. 2023. The Legal Concept of Discrimination by Association: Where Does It Fit Into the Digital Era?. UNIO – EU Law Journal, 9(1), pp. 16-28. https://doi.org/10.21814/unio.9.1.5206

Cottier, T. & Oesch, M. 2011. Direct and Indirect Discrimination in WTO Law and EU Law (Working Paper No 2011/16). World Trade Institute.

De Gioia-Carabellese, P. & Colhoun, R. J. 2012. Associative Discrimination in Britain and in the European Union: A still too Elastic Concept? E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies, 1(3-4), pp. 247-261.

De Vos, M. 2007. Beyond Formal Equality, Positive Action under Directives 2000/43/ EC and 2000/78/EC. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU.

De Vos, M. 2020. The European Court of Justice and the March towards Substantive Equality in European Union Anti-Discrimination Law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20 (1), pp. 62-87. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947 (25. 7. 2023).

Donegan, C. 2020. Thinly Veiled Discrimination: Muslim Women, Intersectionality and the Hybrid Solution of Reasonable Accommodation and Proactive Measures. European Journal of Legal Studies, 12(2), pp. 143-179. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2924/EJLS.2019.032 ( 1. 8. 2023).

Eurobarometar. 2019. Discrimination in the European Union. Available at: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2251 (17. 7. 2023).

Eurostat. 2022. Country of Birth Linked to Discrimination at Work. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20221018-3 (1. 8. 2023).

European Commission. Protecting Jobs and Workers: Final Report Confirms SURE Was Crucial in Mitigating Impact of Pandemic and Supporting Recovery. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_3024 (1. 8. 2023).

Fredman, S. 2016. Substantive Equality Revisited. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 14 (3), pp. 712738. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mow043 (1. 6. 2023).

Gligorić, S. M. & Stojković Zlatanović, S. N. 2020. Savremeni oblici povrede dostojanstva ličnosti na radu – osnovne sličnosti i razlike. Strani pravni život, 64(3), pp. 31-42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5937/spz64-27484 (1. 6. 2023).

Government Equalities Office & Equality and Diversity Forum. 2010. Equality Act 2010: What Do I Need to Know?: Quick Start Guide to Discrimination by Association and Perception for Voluntary and Community Organisations. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a78b9ae40f0b62b22cbc4b4/vcs-association-perception.pdf (8. 8. 2023).

Grgurev, I. 2022. Protection of Women with Disabilities in EU Non-Discrimination Law? In: Kovačević, Lj., Vujadinović, D. & Evola, M. (eds.) Intersectional Discrimination of Women and Girls with Disabilities (Ukrštena diskriminacija žena i devojčica sa invaliditetom). Belgrade: University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, Belgrade, pp. 33-51.

Jones, K. P. et al. 2017. Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace: A Vicious Cycle. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), pp. 51-76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.91 (10. 8. 2023).

Jovanović, P. 2018. Pozitivna diskriminacija (s osvrtom na oblast rada). Radno i socijalno pravo, 22(1), pp. 1-25. Available at: https://radno-pravo.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Radno-i-socijalno-broj-1.2018.pdf (1. 9. 2023).

Kessler, L. T. 2017. Employment Discrimination and the Domino Effect. Florida State University Law Review, 44(3), pp. 1-78. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3175552 (15. 7. 2023).

Kovačević, Lj. 2011. 2020. Zapošljavanje radnika migranata – pretpostavke, uslovi i ograničenja. Strani pravni život, 64(2), pp. 5-25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5937/spz64-25648 (30. 7. 2023).

Kovačević, Lj. 2013. Pravna subordinacija u radnom odnosu i njene granice. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.

Kovačević, Lj. 2021. Zasnivanje radnog odnosa. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.

Kovačević Perić, S. 2013. Ljudska prava na radu u savremenom razvoju – prava ili privilegije. Radno i socijalno pravo, 17(1), pp. 99-118. Available at: https://radno-pravo.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Pages-from-Radno-i-socijalno-broj-1.2013-5.pdf (20. 8. 2023).

Liddell, R. & O’Flaherty, M. 2018. Handbook on European Non-Discrimination Law. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Makkonen, T. 2002. Multiple, Compound and Intersectional Discrimination: Bringing the Experiences of the Most Marginalized to the Fore. Turku: Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University.

Maliszewska-Nienartowicz, J. 2014. Direct and Indirect Discrimination in European Union Law – How to Draw a Dividing Line? International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), pp. 41-55.

Malos, S. 2015. Overt Stereotype Biases and Discrimination in the Workplace: Why Haven’t We Fixed This by Now? Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 27(4), pp. 271-280. Available at: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10672-015-9264-7 (20. 7. 2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-015-9264-7

Maneiro Vázquez, Y. 2021. La discriminación por asociación desde la doctrina del Tribunal de Justicia hasta la doctrina judicial nacional. Nuevos retos de las ¿nuevas? formas discriminatorias. Revista de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, 463, pp. 25-62. Available at: https://doi.org/10.51302/rtss.2021.2482 (10. 7. 2023).

Masselot, A. & Bullock, J. 2013. Stuck at the Cross-Road: Intersectional Aspirations in the EU Anti-Discrimination Legal Framework. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 5(1), pp. 3-16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol5.iss1.15131 (10. 7. 2023).

McCall, L. 2005. The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs, 30(2), pp. 1771-1800. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/426800 (1. 8. 2023).

McCrudden, C. & Prechal, S. 2009. The Concepts of Equality and Non-Discrimination in Europe: A Practical Approach. Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.

Mršević, Z. 2020. Višestruka i intersekcionalna diskriminacija. In: Varady, T. & Pajvančić, M. (eds.), Rodna ravnopravnost – od jednakih prava do jednakih mogućnosti. Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, pp. 67-83.

Pager, D. & Western, B. 2012, Identifying Discrimination at Work: The Use of Field Experiments. Journal of Social Issues, 68(2), pp. 221-237. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01746.x (15. 7. 2023).

Petrović, Z. & Mrvić Petrović, N. 2014. Zaštita od diskriminacije u sudskoj praksi u Republici Srbiji. In: Osiguranje, naknada štete i parnični postupak, Beograd: Intermex, pp. 415-423.

Reljanović, M. 2009. Diskriminacija na radu – zakonodavstvo i iskustva SAD. Strani pravni život, 53(1), pp. 111-130. Available at: https://www.stranipravnizivot.rs/index.php/SPZ/article/view/638 (01.08.2023).

Reljanović, M. 2012. Međunarodna organizacija rada i zabrana diskriminacije pri zapošljavanju, Strani pravni život, 56(3), pp. 80-94. Available at: https://www.stranipravnizivot.rs/index.php/SPZ/article/view/346 (14. 7. 2023).

Reljanović, M. & Misailović, J. 2021. Radnopravni položaj digitalnih radnika – iskustva evropskih zemalja. Strani pravni život, 65(3), pp. 407-432. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5937/spz65-33727 (1. 8. 2023).

Sánchez-Girón Martínez, B. 2021. Los elementos delimitadores de la discriminación por asociación: The delimiters of associative discrimination. Labos, 2(3), pp. 114-131. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20318/labos.2021.6490 (1. 8. 2023).

Smith, B. 2016. Intersectional Discrimination and Substantive Equality: A Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. The Equal Rights Review, 16, pp. 73-102. Available at: https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Intersectional%20Discrimination%20and%20Substantive%20Equality%20A%20Comparative%20and%20Theorectical%20Perspective.pdf (1. 9. 2023).

Spinoy, M. & Vrielink, J. 2021. The Achbita Case: An Update from Belgium. Available at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/the-achbita-case-an-update-from-belgium/ (15. 7. 2023).

Tobler, C. 2008. Limits and Potential of the Concept of Indirect Discrimination. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Tobler, C. 2022. Indirect Discrimination under Directives 2000/43 and 2000/78 10, Brussels: European Commission.

Urdarević, B. 2021. Pružanje usluga putem informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija. In: Vujisić, D. (ed.) XXI vek – vek usluga i uslužnog prava, Kragujevac: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, pp. 125-137. Available at: http://institut.jura.kg.ac.rs/images/Projekti/7%20XXI%20vek/XXI%20vek%20-%20vek%20usluga%20i%20Usluznog%20prava%20knjiga%2012.pdf (15. 8. 2023).

Urdarević, B. 2023. Implikacije radnih migracija na evropsko tržište rada – radnopravni aspekti. Stanovništvo, 61(1), pp. 91-106. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2298/STNV2301091U (1. 9. 2023).

Wachter, S. 2020. Affinity Profiling and Discrimination by Association in Online Behavioural Advertising. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 35(367), pp. 367-430. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38JS9H82M (15. 7. 2023).

Wengdahl, A. 2001. Indirect Discrimination and the European Court of Justice: A Comparative Analysis of European Court of Justice Case-Law Relating to Discrimination on the Grounds of, Respectively, Sex and Nationality (Working Paper). Lund: Centre for European Studies at Lund University. Available at: https://www.cfe.lu.se/sites/cfe.lu.se/files/2020-12/cfewp15.pdf (17. 7. 2023).

Gasmi, G. & Protić, J. 2017. European Social Model and Non-Standard Forms of Employment. Strani pravni život, 61(4), pp. 41-60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.56461/spz17403G (1. 8. 2023).

Legal Sources

Council Directive 97/80/EC of 15 December 1997 on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex, 20.01.1998, Official Journal of the European Union, L 14. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A31997L0080 (10. 8. 2023).

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, 19.07.2000, Official Journal of the European Union, L 180. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32000L0043 (10. 8. 2023).

Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, 02.12.2000, Official Journal of the European Union, L 303−303/22. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32000L0078 (10. 8. 2023).

Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast), 26.7.2006, Official Journal of the European Union, L 204/23−204/36. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0054 (10. 8. 2023).

Directive (EU) 2022/2041 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on adequate minimum wages in the European Union, 25.10.2022, Official Journal of the European Union, L 275. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022L2041 (15. 8. 2023).

Directive (EU) 2023/970 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 to strengthen the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms, 17.5.2023, Official Journal of the European Union, L 132. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022L2041 (30. 10. 2023).

European Union, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 26.10.2012, Official Journal of the European Union, L 326/47-326/390. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT (10. 8. 2023).

European Union, Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, 07.12.2007, Official Journal of the European Union, C 306/4. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT (10. 8. 2023).

Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2013, de 29 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Texto Refundido de la Ley General de derechos de las personas con discapacidad y de su inclusión social. Available at: https://boe.es/buscar/pdf/2013/BOE-A-2013-12632-consolidado.pdf (10. 8. 2023).

UK Equality Act, April 8th, 2010. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents (10. 8. 2023).

UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 24 January 2007, A/RES/61/106. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f973632.html (5. 8. 2023).

Case Law

Bilka - Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz, 1986. ECJ, Judgment of the Court of 13 May 1986 (C-170/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:204). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61984CJ0170 (25. 8. 2023).

Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, 2004. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (Full Court) of 23 March 2004 (C-138/02, ECLI:EU:C:2004:172). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62002CJ0138 (5. 9. 2023).

"CHEZ Razpredelenie Bulgaria" AD v Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia, 2015. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2015 (Case C-83/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:480). Available at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-83/14 (20. 8. 2023).

David L. Parris v Trinity College Dublin and Others, 2015. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 24 November 2016 (Case 443/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:897). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62015CA0443 (1. 8. 2023).

ECJ, Opinion of Advocate General Kokott delivered on 12 March 2015.

"CHEZ Razpredelenie Bulgaria" AD v Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia,

Case C-83/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:170. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62014CC0083 (20. 8. 2023),

ECJ, Opinion of Mr Advocate General Poiares Maduro delivered on 31 January 2008,

S. Coleman v Attridge Law and Steve Law, Case C-303/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:61. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62006CC0303&from=EN (20. 8. 2023).

Gabrielle Defrenne v. Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena (No 2), 1976. ECJ, Judgment of the Court of 8 April 1976 (Case 43-75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:56). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61975CJ0043 (1. 9. 2023).

HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Jette Ring v Dansk almennyttigt Boligselskab and HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Lone Skouboe Werge v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Pro Display A/S, 2013. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 11 April 2013, (Joined cases C-335/11 and C-337/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:222). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62011CJ0335 (15. 8. 2023).

IX v WABE eV and MH Müller Handels GmbH v MJ, 2021. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 15 July 2021 (Joined Cases C-804/18 and C-341/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:594). Available at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-804/18 (1. 8. 2023).

Samira Achbita and Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v G4S Secure Solutions NV, 2017. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 14 March 2017 (Case C-157/15, ECLI:EU:C:2017:203). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62015CJ0157 (1. 9. 2023).

S. Coleman v Attridge Law and Steve Law, 1008. ECJ, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 July 2008 (Case C-303/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:415). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/da/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62006CJ0303 (20. 8. 2023).

##submission.downloads##

Objavljeno

07.04.2024

Broj časopisa

Sekcija

Članci