RADNOPRAVNE POSLEDICE PROMENE INSOLVENTNOG POSLODAVCA U PRAVU EVROPSKE UNIJE I NJENIH DRŽAVA ČLANICA
Apstrakt
Od sedamdesetih godina XX veka većina evropskih zemalja bila je svedok dubokih promena na tržištu rada. Poslovne organizacije u svim sektorima privredе Evropske unije bile su uključene u procese restrukturiranja svog poslovanja kako bi povećale konkurentnost, ostvarile funkcionalno i administrativno jedinstvo i poboljšale kvalitet proizvoda i pruženih usluga. Očekivanje da će se mnogo poslovnih restrukturiranja desiti nakon uspostavljanja jedinstvenog tržišta, kao i zabrinutost zbog potencijalnih efekata koje bi ovi procesi mogli imati na zaposlene, uslovilo je donošenje zakona o zaštiti zaposlenja tokom prenosa preduzeća (tj. promene poslodavca). To je na nivou Evropske unije učinjeno usvajanjem Direktive 77/187/EEZ o približavanju zakona država članica u vezi sa zaštitom prava zaposlenih u slučaju prenosa preduzeća, poslovanja ili delova poslovanjа iz 1977. godine (kasnije izmenjene 1998. i 2001. godine). Osnovna svrha usvajanja ovog važnog radnopravnog propisa bila je potreba da se očuva zaposlenje u slučaju promene poslodavca, i to, prvenstveno, putem uspostavljanja pravila da se prava i obaveze poslodavca prethodnika koji proizilaze iz ugovora o radu ili radnog odnosa postojećeg na dan prenosa preduzeća prenose (po sili zakona) na poslodavca sledbenika.
Prilikom utvrđivanja područja važenja ovog pravila, kao posebno delikatno otvorilo se pitanje mogućnosti i opravdanosti njegove primene u slučaju kad je nad poslodavcem prethodnikom otvoren stečajni postupak. Ovo iz razloga što u slučaju insolventnosti poslodavca prethodnika postoji izraženi sukob između radnog prava (čiji je cilj očuvanje zaposlenja) i stečajnog prava (čiji je cilj spasavanje insolventnog privrednog društva). Da bi spasao poslovanje koje je u finansijskim poteškoćama, insolventan poslodavac će težiti da (neka) radna mesta žrtvuje i time preduzeće jeftinije i lakše proda. S druge strane, zaposleni teže da očuvaju svoja radna mesta, što može odvratiti potencijalne kupce od kupovine insolventnih preduzeća i rezultirati njihovim zatvaranjem i gubitkom posla svih zaposlenih. Imajući u vidu navedeno, u radu se razmatra kako je ovaj sukob suprotstavljenih težnji (pokušao da) reši(o) evropski zakonodavac, a kako su to učinile zemlje članice Evropske unije. Fokus će biti na prikazu zakonskih rešenja onih država članica (sadašnjih članica i bivše članice) koje su, po mišljenju autora, ostvarile prikladan balans suprotstavljenih interesa zaposlenih i ostalih poverilaca (poput Francuske, Nemačke, Španije i Velike Britanije).
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